C-Peptide (Insulin, Proinsulin) and Interpretations (2024)

Sample for C-Peptide

1. Venous blood is collected to prepare the serum.
2. A fasting sample is needed.
3. Glucose samples should also be taken at the same time.
4. Keep the blood at 4 °C.
5. Stable for 30 days when it is freezed.
6. A urine 24-hour sample is needed.
   1. Neutralize the urine to pH 7.0 to 7.5.
   2. It can be stored at -15 °C.

Precautions for C-Peptide

1. As most of the C-peptide is degraded in the kidneys, renal failure will increase the level.
2. Take H/O drugs that may increase the level of hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas).

Purpose of (Indications) C-Peptide test

1. This test is done to evaluate diabetic patients.
2. This test is the best tool for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia.
3. It provides a reliable indication of pancreatic secretory function and insulin secretion.
4. It is helpful to diagnose Insulinoma (Tumor of islets of Langerhans).
   1. It is advised for the follow-up of a patient treated for insulinoma.
5. To find patients injecting exogenous insulin.
6. The C-peptide level can be advised to diagnose insulin resistance syndrome.
7. It is helpful for patients with pancreatectomy, where it will be undetectable.

Precautions for C- peptide

1. Patients with renal failure may have a high level of C-peptide because it is mostly degraded in the kidney.
2. Oral hypoglycemic agents may increase the C-peptide level.

Definition of C-Peptide:

1. Proinsulin is converted into insulin and C-Peptide.
2. C-Peptide is released into the blood circulation.
3. C-peptide serum level correlates with insulin in the blood except in islet cell tumors and possibly obese patients.

Pathophysiology of C-Peptide

1. C-peptide is a connecting peptide for the β and α-chains of proinsulin.
2. C-peptide is formed during the conversion of proinsulin toInsulin.
   1. C-peptide is released into a portal vein in an equal amount.
   2. It has a longer half-life than insulin. So more C-peptides are present in the circulation.

C-Peptide synthesis

Proinsulin:

1. It is cleaved into Insulin + C-peptide (biologically inactive).
2. Proinsulin is synthesized in the pancreas and is metabolically inactive.
3. It is larger in size and is also called big insulin.
4. It consists of 100 amino acids and mol. Weight is 12,000 and is formed by the ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the pancreatic β-cells.
5. Preproinsulin is not detected in blood circulation and is rapidly converted by cleaving enzymes into proinsulin.
   1. Proinsulin consists of α and β chains connected by an area called connecting peptide (C-Peptide).
6. Proinsulin is cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme in the β-cells into equal amounts of insulin and C-peptide.

The C-peptide:

1. C-Peptide connects the α and β-chains of the proinsulin.
2. Its assay provides the difference between endogenous and exogenous insulin.
   1. C-peptide is 31 amino acids connecting peptides with a molecular weight of 3600.
   2. Its half-life is 35 minutes, slightly longer than insulin.
   3. The liver does not extract the C-peptide, which is removed from the circulation by the kidneys and degraded.
   4. A small fraction of unchanged is excreted in the urine.
   5. C-peptide level correlates with insulin level in the blood except in islet cell neoplasm and possibly in obese patients.
3. C-peptide level and insulin level generally correlate with each other (except for obese patients and patients with insulinoma).
   1. The fasting C-peptide level is five times to 10 times higher than the insulin due to a longer half-life.
4. The capacity of beta cells of the pancreas to produce insulin can be measured either by measuring C-peptide or insulin directly.
5. C-peptide level estimation is helpful in the following conditions:
   1. Differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus will have a low level of C-peptide and insulin, while type 2 diabetes mellitus will have a normal or high level of C-peptide.
   2. In patients who are taking exogenous insulin, C-peptide is a more accurate test of islet cell function. This will also help to see the endogenous production of insulin.
   3. DM patients are treated with insulin and have anti-insulin antibodies. These antibodies falsely increase the level of insulin.
   4. In people who produce hypoglycemia by, giving them insulin. There will be raised insulin levels, but the C-peptide level will be normal. Exogenous given insulin suppresses endogenous insulin and C-peptide production.

5. A rise in the C-peptide level in a treated patient with insulinoma indicates recurrence.

The advantages of C-peptide over Insulin are:

1. C-peptide is a better indicator of β- cell functions due to its good concentration level in the blood than peripheral insulin concentration.
2. It does not cross-react with the insulin antibody, interfering with insulin immunoassay.
3. The C-peptide assay doesn’t measure the exogenous insulin.
4. C-peptide is not found in the commercial preparation of insulin.
5. C-peptide has a longer half-life than insulin.
6. C-peptide is a better indicator of fasting hypoglycemia.
7. C-peptide has negligible metabolism in the liver, so its concentration is a better indicator of the β- cell’s function than the peripheral insulin.
8. To evaluate insulin reserve or production in diabetics who are on insulin therapy.
9. It is used to assess the pancreatectomy status.
10. It is used to detect or prove false medication and insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
11. C-peptide value in the following conditions:
    1. Insulin assay can not differentiate between exogenous insulin and that produced by insulinoma.
    2. The C-peptide level is estimated on the same specimen with elevated insulin levels.
    3. In hyperinsulinemia due to islet tumor, C-peptide levels are also elevated.
    4. In the case of exogenously administered insulin, the C-peptide level is low.

NormalC-peptide

Source 2

• • (values vary from lab to lab, best to establish your values)

Source 1

Normal C-Peptide

The raised level of C-peptide is seen in the following:

1. Insulinoma.
2. Oral hypoglycemic drugs.
3. Islet cell tumor-producing insulin (Insulinomas).
4. Type 2 DM (non-insulin dependant).
5. Renal failure.
6. Hyperthyroidism.
7. Cirrhosis.

The decreased C-peptide level is seen in the following:

1. Exogenous administration of the insulin, e.g., Factitious hypoglycemia.
2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
3. Pancreatectomy.

Insulin/C-peptide ratio:

1. This insulin/C-peptide ratio is 1:5 to 1:15.
2. 50% of the insulin is removed from the blood during its initial passage through the liver.
3. Insulin will be metabolized in the liver; its half-life is 30 minutes, while the half-life of C-peptide is 35 minutes.
4. The normal molar fasting ratio of C-peptide: Insulin = 5.
   1. <1.0 ratio is seen in:
      1. Insulinoma.
      2. Sulfonylurea administration.
      3. Renal failure.
   2. >1.0 ratio is seen in:
      1. Exogenous insulin administration.
      2. Cirrhosis.

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